Ram cichlid (Mikrogeophagus ramirezi): Comprehensive guide to care, varieties, breeding, and diseases

The Ramirezi fish (Mikrogeophagus ramirezi), also known as the Ram Cichlid or simply Ram, is a dazzling gem originating from the warm, calm waters of South America, specifically the Orinoco River basins in Venezuela and Colombia. This fish’s popularity among aquarists is no coincidence; this small dwarf cichlid captivates with its spectacular coloration, interesting behavior, and generally peaceful temperament, making it a coveted inhabitant for many well-planned community aquariums.

Selective breeding has led to an impressive diversity of varieties, each with unique hues and patterns that can transform any fish tank into a spectacle of aquatic beauty. If you are thinking of adding a Ramirezi to your aquarium or already enjoy its company, this comprehensive guide will provide you with all the necessary information about its care, the different types of Ramirezi, the Ramirezi breeding process, and how to keep them healthy and vibrant.

Taxonomy of the Ramirezi cichlid

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Cichliformes

Family: Cichlidae

Genus: Mikrogeophagus

Species: Mikrogeophagus ramirezi

Synonyms: Apistogramma ramirezi; Papiliochromis ramirezi

Common names in Spanish: “Ramirezi”, “Cíclido Carnero”, “cíclido enano de Ramírez”, and “cíclido mariposa”

Common names in English: ‘Ramirez’ dwarf cichlid’, “Ram cichlid”, “German ram”, “blue ram”, and ‘butterfly cichlid’

The Ramirezi is valued not only for its beauty but also for its behavior. They are intelligent fish that can recognize their keepers and exhibit complex social interactions, especially during the breeding season. Recent studies, such as that by Tsang et al. (2023), propose that the ram cichlid has the potential to be an excellent model organism for research on learning and memory in vertebrates, offering practical and ethological/ecological advantages compared to more commonly used species like the zebrafish.

Characteristics of Ramirez’s dwarf cichlids

Adult Ramirezi fish can reach a length of 35 to 40 mm, and have an average life expectancy of 3 years.

Males grow larger than females, possess slightly more extended fins, and are more intensely colored. Likewise, male ram specimens usually have the first rays of the dorsal fin extended, but selective breeding has resulted in some females also displaying this trait.

Most female Ramirezi possess a pink spot on the belly that is absent in males.

Habitat

The Ramirezi is native to Venezuela and the Colombian llanos of the Orinoco River basin, although its capture has also been reported in the Purus River in Brazil.

Mikrogeophagus ramirezi prefers shallow waters with abundant aquatic plants and decomposing organic matter, which causes the acidity characteristic of these waters. López et al. (2014) describe this fish as having a relatively small mouth and a short snout that allows them to pick up and then sift benthic invertebrates from the sediment surface.

Currently, as a result of breeding for the ornamental industry, this fish can be found in pet stores worldwide.

Types of Mikrogeophagus ram cichlid

As a result of their large-scale commercial production, fish farmers have developed a series of Ramirezi fish types, including gold, German, balloon, Bolivian, among others.

German Blue Ram

One of the most popular varieties of the “butterfly cichlid” is the German Ram. As its name suggests, this variety was developed in and is characterized by its striking bright orange body coloration, with yellow and blue fins. It is a small fish, rarely exceeding 7 cm in length, and can live up to 5 years if properly cared for. The German Blue Ram is often the standard by which other Rams are judged.

Electric Blue Ram

Another popular variety of the “butterfly cichlid” is the Electric Blue Ram. As its name suggests, this variety is characterized by its beautiful blue color on the body and fins. The Electric Blue Ram originates from South America and is found in river and stream areas of Colombia and Venezuela. It is a small and peaceful fish that adapts well to aquarium life and can live up to 4 years if properly cared for.

Gold Ram

The Gold Ram is another unique and beautiful variety of this fish species. As its name suggests, this variety is characterized by its striking gold color on the body, with yellow and red fins. Unlike other varieties of Ramirez’s dwarf cichlid, the Gold Ram is larger, and can reach up to 10 cm in length as an adult. It is a peaceful and sociable fish that adapts well to life in community aquariums.

Bolivian Ram (Mikrogeophagus altispinosus)

Although often mentioned alongside M. ramirezi, the Bolivian Ram is a different species. It is larger, more robust, generally less colorful (yellow and gray tones with blue reflections and fins edged in pink/red), and significantly more resilient, tolerating a wider range of water parameters. It is an excellent option for beginners who want a similar but less demanding dwarf cichlid. Unlike other “butterfly cichlid” varieties, the Bolivian Ram is more timid and reserved, and requires an aquarium with plants and hiding places to feel secure and comfortable.

Comparison: Ramirezi vs. Bolivian Ram

Confusion often arises between Mikrogeophagus ramirezi and Mikrogeophagus altispinosus (Bolivian Ram). Although both are peaceful South American dwarf cichlids, they have key differences:

Characteristic	Ramirezi (M. ramirezi)	Bolivian Ram (M. altispinosus)
Scientific Name	Mikrogeophagus ramirezi	Mikrogeophagus altispinosus
Origin	Venezuela, Colombia (Orinoco Basin)	Bolivia, Brazil (Amazon Basin)
Adult Size	5-7 cm	7-9 cm
Coloration	Very vibrant (blues, yellows, reds, blacks)	More subtle (yellows, grays, blue reflections)
Ideal Temperature	26-30°C	24-28°C
Ideal pH	5.5-7.0	6.0-7.5
Ideal Hardness (dGH)	1-10	5-15
Sensitivity	High, delicate	Moderate, more robust and tolerant
Lifespan	2-4 years	3-5 years
For Beginners	Not ideal	Better option

Both are beautiful fish, but the Bolivian Ram is, in general, a more forgiving option for those starting out with dwarf cichlids.

How to breed Ramirezi Fish?

Breeding Ramirezi can be a fascinating spectacle, although it requires optimal conditions. They are substrate spawners and form monogamous pairs.

Sexual differences: Male and female Ram

Distinguishing a male and female Ramirezi can be subtle, but there are some clues:

• Size: Males are usually slightly larger.
• Dorsal Fin: The first rays of the male’s dorsal fin are usually longer and more pointed, especially the second or third ray, which can be very extended. In females, these rays are shorter and more rounded.
• Coloration: Females often display a pinkish or reddish spot on the belly, especially when they are ready to spawn. Males are usually more colorful overall.
• Body Shape: Females may have a more rounded body, especially when viewed from above.

An interesting fact, according to the research findings of LaPlante and Delaney (2020), is that male fish prefer females with pink bellies compared to females that do not have this color.

Preparing the breeding tank

A separate tank of about 20-40 liters (approximately 5-10 gallons) is ideal.

• Very soft (1-5 dGH) and acidic (pH 5.5-6.5) water.
• Slightly elevated temperature (28-30°C or 82-86°F).
• Gentle filtration (sponge filter).
• Provide smooth surfaces for spawning: flat rocks, broad plant leaves, or even a small terracotta dish. Burduhos (2023) recommends introducing floating plants like Ceratopteris spp. and a substantial clump of Java moss (Taxiphyllum barbieri), as the latter develops microfauna that serves as the first food for the fry.

Conditioning and spawning

• Feed the pair high-quality live and frozen foods for 1-2 weeks. Burduhos (2023) recommends providing breeding fish with live, frozen, and dry food, including insect larvae, daphnia, cyclops, nematodes, and quality flakes.
• Females typically deposit the eggs, numbering 150 to 300, on a solid surface or directly on the aquarium glass, and then the male fertilizes them. The small adhesive eggs have a diameter of 0.9 to 1.5 mm. To prevent fungus like Saprolegnia, 2 mL of H2O2 per 10 L of water can be added 2-3 times a day after spawning and after removing the parents (Burduhos, 2023).

Egg and fry care

• Both parents usually participate in caring for the eggs, fanning them to keep them oxygenated and clean. They will remove unfertilized or fungused eggs.

• The eggs hatch in 2-3 days. The larvae (wrigglers) will be moved by the parents to pits previously dug in the substrate.

• After another 3-5 days, the fry will begin to swim freely (free-swimming).

• Feeding the fry: Initially, they will feed on infusoria or liquid fry food. After a few days, they can accept microworms or newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii.

• It is crucial to maintain impeccable water quality during this stage, performing small daily water changes with water of the same characteristics.

Challenges in breeding: Some Ramirezi lines, especially highly selected ones, may have lost some of their parental instinct. Sometimes, first-time parents may eat the eggs. If this happens repeatedly, artificial rearing can be chosen by removing the eggs to a separate tank with a mild fungicide (like methylene blue) and good aeration.

Feeding the Ramirezi fish: What do these cichlids eat?

Ramirezi are omnivores with a preference for meaty foods. A varied diet is fundamental for their health and coloration. Azizah et al. (2023) concluded that the combination of artificial food and bloodworms (Chironomus sp.) in a 1:2 ratio can be effectively used by Ramirezi breeders to improve absolute weight gain and, fundamentally, accelerate gonadal maturation and optimize reproductive performance, including egg quantity, fertilization rate, and hatching rate.

In this regard, to feed your fish, you should consider the following:

• Base Food: High-quality flakes or granules specific for dwarf cichlids or tropical fish. Experts recommend a feeding dose of 3 to 5% of the total body weight, divided into 2 or 3 meals per day.
• Live and Frozen Foods: Essential for optimal nutrition. Offer brine shrimp, daphnia, mosquito larvae (live or frozen), tubifex (with caution due to their origin), and bloodworms. In this regard, Budianto et al. (2019) report that feeding Mikrogeophagus ramirezi fry with Tubifex sp. has a significant effect on the length and weight of the fish.
• Vegetable Foods: Occasionally, you can offer them spirulina or blanched vegetables like skinless peas.
• Frequency: Feed small portions 2-3 times a day, only what they can consume in a few minutes to avoid water contamination.

Good nutrition for Ramirezi fish not only improves their health but also intensifies their vibrant colors. We must that fish cannot synthesize the carotenoid pigments that allow them to obtain their beautiful colors; in this sense, they must obtain them from their diet.

In this regard, Harpaz and Padowicz (2007) investigated the addition of plant-derived carotenoids to the diet of M. ramirezi fish; they concluded that the addition of 60 mg of paprika per kilogram of diet is sufficient to obtain good coloration.

Care of the Ramirezi fish

Besides knowing the different varieties of Ramirez’s dwarf cichlid, it is important to know the care and maintenance necessary to keep these fish happy and healthy in your aquarium.

To ensure your butterfly cichlid stays healthy, the water conditions in its tank must be maintained within certain parameters (Table 01). Aim for a pH of around 6.8-7.5 and maintain the water hardness around 10-20 ppm (parts per million).

Table 01. Recommended water parameters for Ramirezi fish (Mikrogeophagus ramirezi)

Parameter	Range
Minimum tank size	Pair: 40 liters (10 gallons). Community: 75 liters (20 gallons)
Water temperature (°C)	26-30°C (78-86°F)
pH	5.5 – 7.0
Hardness (GH)	1-10 dGH
Ammonia and nitrites	0 ppm
Nitrates	< 20 ppm
Water change	25-30% weekly

Other requirements include:

• Substrate: Fine sand or smooth gravel is ideal, as they like to sift through it for food and it will not damage their delicate barbels. A dark substrate can help bring out their colors.
• Filtration: A good filtration system is essential, but the water current should not be too strong. A sponge filter or an external filter (canister or HOB/hang-on-back) with adjustable flow are good options.
• Decoration and Hiding Spots: Provide abundant hiding spots using natural plants (like Echinodorus, Vallisneria, Java Moss, Java Fern), driftwood, smooth rocks, and caves (like coconut halves) to create a natural environment. This helps them feel secure and establish territories.
• Lighting: Moderate lighting. Floating plants can help diffuse the light if it is too intense.

Behavior and compatibility of the Ramirezi cichlid

Generally, the Ramirezi is a peaceful fish, but it can become territorial, especially during breeding season. They are not aggressive like other larger cichlids, but they will defend their small territory.

Compatible tank mates for Ramirezi

Choosing the right tank mates for Ramirezi is crucial. Look for peaceful fish of similar size that share the same requirements for warm, soft water.

• Small and peaceful tetras: Neon Tetra, Cardinal Tetra, Rummy Nose Tetra, Lemon Tetra.
• Rasboras: Harlequin Rasbora, Mosquito Rasbora.
• Corydoras: Panda Corydora, Pygmy Corydora, Adolfo’s Corydora (ensure the substrate is smooth).
• Small loricariids: Ancistrus (Bristlenose Pleco), Otocinclus.
• Other dwarf cichlids: In larger tanks (over 100 liters / 26 gallons) and with plenty of hiding spots, they can sometimes coexist with other peaceful dwarf cichlids like Apistogramma species, although careful observation is needed. Compatibility between cichlids is always variable.
• Pencilfish (Nannostomus).

Unsuitable tank mates

• Large and aggressive fish (most African cichlids, Oscars, etc.).
• Very fast or active fish that might stress them or aggressively compete for food.
• Fin-nipping barbs.
• Cold-water fish like Goldfish.

It is important to avoid overpopulation. A well-planned Ramirezi aquarium in of tank mates and space is fundamental.

Diseases

Ramirezi are known for being sensitive and prone to certain diseases, especially if not kept in optimal conditions. Stress from poor water quality, incorrect parameters, unsuitable tank mates, or deficient nutrition is the main precursor to Ramirezi diseases.

• White Spot (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis): Small white spots like grains of salt on the body and fins. Treated by gradually increasing the temperature to 30°C (86°F) and using commercial medications.
• Hexamita (Hole-in-the-Head disease): Erosions on the head and lateral line. Often related to nutritional deficiencies and poor water quality. Requires treatment with metronidazole and improved conditions.
• Oodinium (Velvet disease): A fine golden or rust-colored dust on the skin. Treatment with copper-based medications (use with caution, follow dosage) and darkness.
• Bacterial Infections: Frayed fins (Fin Rot), dropsy (swollen belly, protruding scales), exophthalmia (Popeye – bulging eyes). Usually secondary to stress or injuries. Require antibiotics and improved water quality. Lazado et al. (2018) first reported the presence of Streptococcus parauberis in butterfly cichlid specimens; this bacterium causes streptococcosis, a fatal disease for freshwater fish.
• Intestinal parasites: White, stringy feces, wasting, lethargy. Treatment with antiparasitic medications.
• Columnaris (Saddleback Disease): Whitish or grayish cotton-like lesions, often around the mouth or back. It is bacterial and requires rapid treatment.
• Lymphocystis: Benign cauliflower-like growths on fins or body. It is viral, has no direct cure, but usually subsides if aquarium conditions are improved.

Prevention:

• Maintain impeccable water quality.
• Avoid sudden changes in water parameters.
• Provide a varied and high-quality diet.
• Do not overpopulate the aquarium.
• Quarantine new fish before introducing them.
• Minimize stress.

Many aquarists wonder, “Why are my Ramirezi dying?”. The answer usually lies in the species’ sensitivity to water quality and stress. Intensive breeding may also have genetically weakened some lines.

Conclusion

The Ramirezi Fish, with its dazzling array of colors and intriguing behavior, remains one of the most beloved dwarf cichlids in the aquarium hobby. Although its care requires attention to detail, especially regarding water quality and parameters, the reward of seeing these fish thrive, and even reproduce, in a well-maintained aquarium is immense.

Whether you opt for the classic German Blue Ram, the vibrant Electric Blue Ram, or the elegant Gold Ram, providing them with the right environment, a nutritious diet, and compatible tank mates will ensure that these little giants of personality bring beauty and life to your aquarium for years. that attentive observation and regular maintenance are the keys to fully enjoying the company of these spectacular South American fish.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about the Ramirezi Fish

We have compiled some of the most common questions aquarists have about the fascinating Mikrogeophagus ramirezi.

What is the minimum aquarium size for a Ramirezi fish?

For a pair of Ramirezi, an aquarium of at least 40 liters (10 gallons) is recommended. If you plan a community aquarium with other fish, a tank of 75 liters (20 gallons) or more is preferable to ensure enough space and reduce territorial stress.

What water temperature do Ramirezi need?

Ramirezi thrive in warm waters, with an ideal temperature between 26-30°C (78-86°F). Maintaining a stable temperature within this range is crucial for their health.

What is the ideal pH for Ramirezi?

They prefer a slightly acidic to neutral pH, ideally between 5.5 and 7.0. It is important to avoid sudden pH fluctuations.

Are Ramirezi fish for beginners?

Generally, they are not recommended for absolute beginners due to their sensitivity to water quality and stress. They require a well-cycled aquarium and consistent maintenance. For beginners interested in dwarf cichlids, the Bolivian Ram (Mikrogeophagus altispinosus) is a more resilient option.

How can I tell a male Ramirezi from a female?

Males are usually slightly larger, with the first rays of the dorsal fin being longer and more pointed. Females often display a pinkish or reddish spot on the belly, especially when ready to spawn, and their dorsal fins are more rounded.

What fish are compatible with Ramirezi?

Ideal tank mates are peaceful, similarly sized fish that share the same requirements for warm, soft water. Good options include small Tetras (Neon, Cardinal), Rasboras, Corydoras, Otocinclus, and other very peaceful dwarf cichlids in larger tanks with plenty of hiding spots.

How long do Ramirezi live? (Ramirezi’s lifespan)

With optimal care, a Ramirezi fish can live for 2 to 4 years. A proper diet and a stable environment are key to them reaching their maximum lifespan.

Why do my Ramirezi die frequently?

Premature death in Ramirezi is often linked to stress caused by poor water quality (high levels of nitrates, ammonia, nitrites), incorrect parameters (improper temperature, pH, hardness), environmental fluctuations, aggressive tank mates, or weakened genetics from intensive breeding. They are sensitive fish that require pristine conditions.

What do Ramirezi eat?

They are omnivores with a preference for meaty foods. Their diet should include high-quality flakes or granules, regularly supplemented with live or frozen foods like brine shrimp, daphnia, and mosquito larvae.

How often should I feed my Ramirezi?

Feed small portions 2-3 times a day, offering only what they can consume in a few minutes to avoid overfeeding and water contamination.

Can Ramirezi fish live alone, or do they need a pair?

Ramirezi can live alone, but they often appear more comfortable and exhibit more interesting behaviors when kept in established pairs (male-female). If multiple males are kept without enough females or space, aggression can occur.

What are the most common diseases in Ramirezi?

They are prone to white spot (Ich), Hexamita (hole-in-the-head disease), Oodinium (velvet), bacterial infections (like fin rot), and intestinal parasites. Most of these Ramirezi diseases are related to stress and poor water quality.

What is the difference between a German Blue Ram and an Electric Blue Ram?

The German Blue Ram has a yellow/gold base body with extensive blue iridescence and distinctive black markings. The Electric Blue Ram features a solid, very intense neon blue coloration over most of its body, often with fewer visible dark markings. Both require similar care, although the Electric Blue may be perceived as slightly more sensitive.

How do Ramirezi reproduce?

They are substrate spawners that form pairs. For breeding, they need very soft, acidic, warm water and smooth surfaces to lay their eggs. Both parents usually care for the eggs and fry, although some lines may have lost this instinct.

Do Ramirezi eat their fry?

Although Ramirezi are usually good parents, sometimes, especially first-time pairs or if they feel stressed, they might eat their eggs or fry. Providing a quiet and secure environment can help prevent this.

References

Azizah, Y., Elisdiana, Y., Adiputra, Y. T., & Sarida, M. (2023). Growth and reproductive performances of ramirezi (Mikrogeophagus ramirezi) fed with different feed types. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur, 18(3), 141-151. http://doi.org/10.15578/jra.18.3.2023.141-151

Budianto, M., Nuswantoro, S., Suprastyani, H., & Ekawati, A. W. (2019). Pengaruh Pemberian Pakan Alami Cacing Tubifex sp. Terhadap Panjang Dan Berat Ikan Ramirezi (Mikrogeophagus ramirezi). JFMR (Journal of Fisheries and Marine Research), 3(1), 75-80.

Burduhos, P. (2023). Reproduction of Mikrogeophagus ramirezi (Myers & Harry, 1948) in aquarium. Animal Biology & Animal Husbandry, 15(2), 78-80.

Harpaz, S., & Padowicz, D. (2007). Color enhancement in the ornamental dwarf cichlid Microgeophagus ramirezi by addition of plant carotenoids to the fish diet. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 59.

LaPlante, L. H., & Delaney, S. (2020). Male mate choice for a female ornament in a monogamous cichlid fish, Mikrogeophagus ramirezi. Journal of Fish Biology, 96(3), 663-668.

Lazado, CC, Fridman, S, Sinai, T, Zilberg, D. First report of Streptococcus parauberis in a cultured freshwater ornamental fish, the ram cichlid Mikrogeophagus ramirezi (Myers & Harry, 1948). J Fish Dis. 2018; 41: 161– 164. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12676

López-Fernández H, Arbour J, Willis S, Watkins C, Honeycutt RL, Winemiller KO (2014) Morphology and Efficiency of a Specialized Foraging Behavior, Sediment Sifting, in Neotropical Cichlid Fishes. PLoS ONE 9(3): e89832. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089832

Seriously Fish. Mikrogeophagus ramirezi (MYERS & HARRY, 1948) Ram

Tsang, B., Venditti, V., Javier, C. M., & Gerlai, R. (2023). The ram cichlid (Mikrogeophagus ramirezi) learns an associative task: A new fish species for memory research. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40739-9